Syllabus of Diploma in Medical Laboratory Technology COURSE - First year

Syllabus of  Diploma in Medical Laboratory Technology COURSE - First year

FIRST YEAR (major subjects) 

1.    Anatomy and Physiology 

2.    Hematology and blood banking 

3.    Clinical pathology 

Anatomy and Physiology of the human body:- The study of basic anatomy and physiology is essential because it will help in understanding the basic structure of the human body and normal function in health. During disease the normal function may likely to be affected. By various laboratory tests, the student will be able to know the abnormal functioning of the body and ultimately helps in diagnosis of the disease.

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

1.       STRUCTURE OF CELL AND THAIR FUNCTION:- TISSUE AND THAIR FUNCTION-

EPITHELIAL TISSUE:- Simple squamous epithelia., Simple cuboidal epithelia, Simple columnar epithelia., Stratified squamous epithelia, Stratified cuboidal epithelia, Stratified columnar epithelia,

CONNECTIVE TISSUE:- connective tissue proper, supportive tissue, and fluid tissue,Loose connective tissue , RED  BLOD CELLS adipose tissue, areolar tissue, and reticular tissue.

MUSCULAR TISSUE-smooth,  MUSSCLE and  skeletal MUSCLE. Cardiac muscle

 NERVOUS TISSUE –neurons and neuroglia (AXON OR DENRIDES)

2 SKELETAL SYSTEM:- STRUCTURE OF BONES, TYPES OF BONES, BONES OF CRANIUM FACE ,VERTEBRAL COLUMN  -CERVICAL(7),THORACIX(T12),  LUMBAR(5) , SACRUM(5,) COCCYX(4)

-UPPER LIMB(HUMRAS, ULNA, RADIAS, CLAVICAL, SCAPULA ETC)  

AND LOWER LIMBS,FEMER, PATELAFIBULA, TARSALS(7), METATARSALS(8), PHANLANGES(140)

-THOREX- RIBS(12PAIR), COSTAL CATILAGE, STURNUM

 FRACTURE OF BONES- TRASNSVERSE, STRESS, OBLIQUE GREENSTICK,COMMINUTED

-VARIOUS, MOVEMENTS OF JOINTS. AND TYPES OF JAOINT (STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAN CLASSIFICATIONS)

3. MUSCULAR SYSTEM:- STRUCTURE AND TYPES OF MUSCLES IN HUMAN BODY (SMOOTH, CARDIC,SKELETAL), IMPORTANT MUSCLES AND THEIR GROUP ACTION

4 CIRCULATION SYSTEMS:- STRUCTURE OF HEART, NAMES AND POSITION OF MAIN BLOOD VESSELS. HEART BEAT, HEARTSOUNDS, ,CARDIC CYCLE, PULSE RATE , BLOOD PRESSURE, CERUCATIONS OF BODY(PULMONARY CERCULATION, SYSTEMATIC CERCULATION

5 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM:- LYMPH VESSELS LYMPH NODES AND LYMPHOID ORGANS, FORMATION  OF LYMPH  LIMPH ORGAN,  RETICULO ENDOTHLIUM SYSTEM, THEIR STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS , SPLLEN AND THAIR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

6. DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS:- PARTS OF GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT(MOUTH, ESOPHAGUS,LIVER , GALLBLADDER,PENCREAS,STOMACH,SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINE,VILLI OF SMALL INTESTINE RECTUM,ANUS  AND ASSOCIATED GLANDS(SALIVARY GLASNDS,GASTRIC GLAND, RENAL GLAND,SMALL & LARGE  INTESTIME GLAND ) AND  FUNCTION OF ORGANS AND  GLANDS, BILE SALT, BILE JUICE, PENCRECTIC  JUICE, ABORSOBATION OF FAT, PROTIEN,

7. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:- PARTS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. & MOVEMENT OF REPIRATOY MUSCLE, LUNGS VOLUME, LUNGS CAPACITY, PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST

8. URINARY SYSTEM:- PARTS OF URINARY SYSTEM., FORMATION  OF URINE, NEFHRON AND THEIR FUNCTION, KIDNEY AND THEIR STRUCTURE & FUNCTION.URINARY BLADDER, URETHRA, URETER,ETC

9. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:- VARIOUS ENDOCRINE GLANDS. THYROID. PARATHYROID. ADRENAL GLANDS PITUITARY PANCREAS. THYMUS AND SEX GLANDS

10. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:- MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TESTIESAND ASSESORY ORGANS, PROCESS OF SPERMIOGENESIS , & FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN OVERY AND THAIR ASSESORY ORGANS.,MANSUSTRAL CYCLE,HORMONS DURING THE OOGENESISOR  OR OVULATION, PREGENENCY, UTERUS AND THAIR CHANGE, DITERMINATION OF SEX, SEXULAL TRANSMITTED DISEASE,URINARY HTRACK INFEACTION ETC,

11. SKIN AND SENSE ORGANS:- EYE, EAR, NOSE. TASTE BUDS.12 NERVOUS SYSTEMS. PARTS OF BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, PERIPHERAL NERVES.,CEREBRAL SPINAL CORD,REFLEX  REACTIONS, TYEPES OF PAIN, CRENICAL NERVES AND THAIR FUNCTION, NERVES TISSUEM, STUCTURE OF NURON AXON  DENDRIDE BODY MYLINSEATH AND THAIR APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY

PHYSIOLOGY

1.       BLOOD:- COMPOSITION AND FUNCTION OF BLOOD,FORMATION OF BLOOD, REDBLOOD CELL, WHITE BLOODCWLL, PLATELET, HAEMOPESIS, BLOOD COAGULATION, BLOOD GROUPS, BODY FLUID ,HEMOSTATS,CLOTTING FACTOR,  ANAMIA, AND THAIR TYPES

2 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS:- CIRCULATION OF BLOOD, FUNCTION OF HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS, CONTROL OF HEART RATE, PULSE, REGULATION OF BLOODPRESSURE, BLOOD VOLUME, ) ELECTRO CARDIO GRAPHY AND THAIR WAVES(PQRST), APPLIED PHSIOLOGY, CORONARY ARTEY DESASE(CAD), CARDIC DISORDER LIKE HEART ATTTECH AND HEART FAILURE.

3.RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:- FUNCTION OF LUNGS AND THAIR STRUCTURE (ALVALLAI), RESPIRATORY TREE(RESPIRATORY TRUNK), PULMONARY CERCULATION,  MECHANISM OF BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES IN THE LUNGS (INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL RESPIRATION, REGULATION OF RESPIRATION, RESPIRATION DISORDER LIKE ANOXIA. DYSPNEA CYANOSIS ETC. ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION LUNG FUNCTION TESTS.

4 DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS:- DIGESTION OF FOOD IN MOUTH, STOMACH & SMALL INTESTINES.ABSORPTION OF FAT AND PROTINS, VITAMINS, EMULSIFICATION OF FAT, FUNCTION OF BILE JUICE , FUNCTION OF GASTRIC JUICE, FUNCTION OF LIVER FUNCTION TESTS(LFT).

 5 EXCRETORY SYSTEMS:- STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF KIDNEY AND URINARY BLADDER. MECHANISM OF URINE FORMATION. DISORDERS OF KIDNEY, RENAL FUNCTON TEST(RFT)

 6. ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS:- PHYSIOLOGY & FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN, THROID, PARATHYROID GLAND, ADRNAL GLAND, PECREAS, OVEARIES, TESTICALES ETC.

7. NERVOUS SYSTEM:- NEURONE & ITS FUNCTIONS, FUNCTION OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. AUTONOMIES NERVOUS SYSTEM,  PERIFERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, SPINAL NERVES AND PLEXUS, PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION, HEARING& OLFACTION

 REFERENCE BOOKS  LINK

Hematology and Blood Banking -Hematology and blood banking are very important branches of laboratory medicine. The student will be able to know the basic components of blood and their significance in normal health, by examination of blood, various types of diseases can be diagnosed.

1.Introduction

2.Haemopoiesis (Production of Blood Cells)

 3.The Complete Blood Count (CBC)

4.Examination of Peripheral Blood Smear

 5.Anaemia

 6.Miscellaneous Investigations in Haematology

7.Haemostasis and Fibrinolysis

 8.Blood Group Serology (Immunohaematology)

 9.Blood Banking, Blood Transfusion and Compatibility Testing

10. The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and the HLA System

 11.Automation in Haematology

 

1.Haematology:-

• Introduction
• Collection of Blood 
• Use ofAnticoagulants

2. Haemopoiesis (Production of Blood Cells) Main Cell Lines :-

• Erythropoiesis
• Leucopoiesis
• Functions of White Blood Cells
• Functions of Platelets

3. The Complete Blood Count (CBC) :-

• Haemoglobin (Hb)
• Estimation ofHaemoglobin
• Haemocytometry(Counting of Cells in Blood) 
• Manual Cell Counts
• Use of CountingChamber (Haemocytometer) for Cell Counting
• Red Cell Count(Manual Method)
• HematocritorPacked Cell Volume (PCV)
• Red Blood Cell Indices
• ErythrocyteSedimentation Rate (ESR)
• White Cell Count(Total, TLC) (Manual Method)
• Total EosinophilCount (TEC)
• Platelet Count(Manual Method)

 4.Examination of Peripheral BloodSmear:-

• Preparation ofBlood Smear
• Staining the Blood Smear
• Microscopic Examination of the Blood Film
• The Differential Count of Leucocytes
• Interpretation of the Variations
• Abnormalities in Leucocytes
• MorphologicalVariations/Abnormalities in Erythrocytes

 5. Anemia:-

• Classification of Anemia
• Morphological Classification of Anemia
• Etiological Classification of Anemia
• Physiological Types of Anaemia

6. Miscellaneous Investigations in Hematology Reticulocyte Count :-

• Staining of Heinz Bodies
• Staining ofSiderocytes (Demonstration of Pappenheimer Bodies)
• PeroxidaseStaining  
• Periodic-AcidSchiff (PAS)Reaction
• Neutrophil (Leucocyte) Alkaline Phosphatase
• Examination ofBone Marrow
• Test for Sickle cells
• Demonstration ofLe Cells
• Osmotic Fragility Test
• Estimation ofHaemoglobin F (Foetal Haemoglobin) by Alkali Denaturation Method
• HaemoglobinElectrophoresis
• Detection ofGlucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) Deficiency
• Ham's Test (Acidified Serum Test)
• Ham's Test (Acidified Serum Test)
• Donath-Landsteiner (D-L) Antibody Test  
• Detection of Drug-Induced Antibody
• Direct Antiglobulin Test (Direct Coomb's Test)
• Autohaemolysis test
• Spectroscopic Examination of Blood for the Detection of Abnormal Haemoglobin Pigments

7.Haemostasis and Fibrinolysis :-

• Haemostasis
• Mechanism of Haemostasis
• Function of Platelets in Haemostasis and Coagulation
• Coagulation
• Coagulation Factors
• Pathways for the Coagulation Process
• Fibrinolysis
• Disorders of Blood Coagulation
• Tests for Coagulation Function
• Clotting Time (Lee-White method)
• Clot Retraction
• Test to Measure the Extrinsic System: One-Stage Prothrombin Time (PT)  
• Test for Prothrombin Consumption Index (PCI)
• Test for Intrinsic System
• Assays of Coagulation Factors

8. Blood Group Serology:-

• (Immunohaematology) Blood Group Genetics  
• Blood Group Antigens
• Blood Group Antibodies
• Main Blood Group Systems
• ABO Blood Group System
• ABO Grouping
• ABO Grouping Methods
•  Rhesus (Rh) Grouping System  
• Method 1: Saline Method for  Rh-D Typing Using Complete Anti-D
• Method 2: Albumin Displacement Technique for Rh Typing Using Incomplete Anti-D  
• Method 3: Enzyme Techniques
• Antiglobulin Techniques
• Antihuman Globulin Tests (Coombs' Tests)
• Clinically Less Significant Blood Group Systems

 

9. Blood Banking, Blood Transfusion and Compatibility Testing  :-

• Selection of a Donor
• Pre-transfusion Tests on Donor's Blood
• Collection of Blood
• Compatibility Testing
• Methods of Crossmatching
• Unexpected Antibody Screening  
• Blood Transfusion
• Use of Blood Components, Fractions and Derivatives
• Transfusion Reactions
• Investigation of Suspected Transfusion Reaction

10. The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and the HLA System  :-

• Proteins of the HLA System
• Techniques for HLA Typing
• Role of HLA System in Transplantation

11. Automation in Haematology  :-

• Automated Cell Counting Methods
• Autoanalysers in Coagulation Studies  
• Automation in Blood Group Serology

Clinical Pathology and Quality Control

      Introduction to clinical pathology & safety measures in lab.

  
      General Laboratory Instruments and Equipments:- Laboratory Glasswares and Plasticwares ,Equipments for Weighing ,Water Bath ,Water Stills and Deionisers ,Refrigerators and Freezers  

      Microscope-- Components of a Microscope,The Objective,The Eyepiece or the Ocular System, Condenser and Iris Diaphragm, Filters , Sources of Illumination (Light),  Kohler Illumination, Mirror, Total Magnification of a Microscope, Use and Care of a Bright-Field Microscope, Microscopy, Micrometry, Incubator 

     
       Quality control - Internal and external. 
   
    URINE ANALYSIS - COMPOSITION OF NORMAL URINE, COLLECTION OF URINE SPECIMENS, ROUTINE URINE ANALYSIS PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL & MICROSCOPICEXAMINATION

          CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ANALYSIS:- COMPOSITION OF NORMAL CSF, COLLECTION AND PROCESSING OF SPECIMENS, ROUTINE CSF ANALYSIS-PHYSICALCHEMICAL & MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION 10. CSF and Other Body Fluids,Routine Laboratory Examination of CSF,Synovial Fluid Pleural Fluid,Peritoneal Fluid

         SEMEN ANALYSIS COLLECTION OF SEMEN, ROUTINE SEMEN ANALYSIS-PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL & MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION, CULTURE.

    
         SPUTUM ANALYSIS - METHODS AND PRESENTATION IN COLLECTION OF SPUTUM, PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL & MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION, CONCENTRATION METHOD FOR AFB (ACID FAST BACILLUS).

      
     STOOL ANALYSIS:- COMPOSITION OF NORMAL STOOL, COLLECTION OF STOOLS SPECIMENS, ROUTINE STOOL ANALYSIS-PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL & MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION

    Bone marrow examination - Different sites and needles used. Preparation and staining of peripheral blood and bone marrow smears.

•  Osmotic fragility test.
•  Estimation of foetal hemoglobin.
•  G6PD Estimation
•  Sickling test. 
•  Screening and selection of donor. 
•  Du system & its significance.
•  Grouping and cross matching by Gel techniques.
•  L.E. cell test
•  test for cold agglutination
•  Osmotic fragility test 
•  Foetal hemoglobin
•  Blood grouping and cross matching
•  Hemoglobin electrophoresis